Sports Med 2005; 35 (9): 779-830
نویسنده
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 1. Mechanical Characteristics of Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 1.1 Bone Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 1.2 Methodological and Study Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 1.3 Mechanical Properties of Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 1.4 Properties of Bones Contributing to the Risk of Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 2. Prevention of Osteoporosis Through Accumulation of Peak Bone Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 2.1 Bone Growth: Increases in Length, Width and Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 2.1.1 Longitudinal Bone Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 2.1.2 Bone Growth in Width and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 2.1.3 Accumulation of Bone Mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 2.2 Bone Growth: Endocrine Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 2.2.1 Messengers that Influence Bone Cell Proliferation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 2.2.2 Messengers that Influence Bone Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 2.3 Bone Growth: Dietary Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 2.3.1 The Role of Energy Availability in Bone Growth and Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 2.3.2 The Role of Specific Nutrients in Bone Growth and Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 2.4 The Effects of Physical Activity on Bone Growth and Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 2.4.1 Accretion of Bone Mass in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 2.4.2 Accretion of Bone Mass in Young and Premenopausal Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 2.5 The Influence of Hormones, Diet and Physical Activity in Prevention of Osteoporosis Through Accretion of Peak Bone Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 3. Prevention of Bone Loss and Amelioration of Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 3.1 Endocrine Influences Over Bone Mass After Menopause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 3.2 Dietary Influence Over Bone Mass After Menopause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 3.3 The Effects of Physical Activity on Bone Mass Maintenance After Menopause . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 4. Ways to Increase the Osteogenic Effects of Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 Osteoporosis is a serious health problem that diminishes quality of life and Abstract levies a financial burden on those who fear and experience bone fractures. Physical activity as a way to prevent osteoporosis is based on evidence that it can regulate bone maintenance and stimulate bone formation including the accumula-
منابع مشابه
تاثیر تمرینات عصبی- عضلانی، قدرتی و ترکیبی بر نسبت قدرت همسترینگ به چهارسر در زنان بسکتبالیست
Background and Objective: Researchers have pointed out that higher rate of female athlete lower extremity injuries are related to functional imbalances in hamstring and quadriceps muscles and suggest the use of training protocols in order to gain adequate functional muscle patterns. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular, strength and combined trainings on H/Q s...
متن کاملSports Med 2005; 35 (8): 685-715
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 1. Auto Racing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 2. Baseball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
متن کاملItalian G8 Summit: a critical juncture for global health.
1 Lamb SE, Marsh J, Hutton J, Nakash R, Cooke MW, on behalf of the Collaborative Ankle Support Trial (CAST Group). Mechanical supports for acute, severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 373: 575–81. 2 Jones MH, Amendola AS. Acute treatment of inversion ankle sprains: immobilization versus functional treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 455: 169...
متن کاملSports Med 2005; 35 (6): 485-499
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 1. Aerobic Exercise Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 2. Resistance Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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تاریخ انتشار 2005